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Roger Williams Park Zoo
Providence, Rhode
Island
Our Rating:   excellent
We last visited in July
2006.
New England's top zoo only
gets better every time we visit. We first came to this zoo
in November of 2003 and were impressed by the naturalistic
habitats and wide variety of animals. Our most recent
visit in July of 2006 further reinforced our impression that
this is truly one of our favorite zoos. A rather cramped
polar bear habitat is being expanded to nine times its original
size. The new North American Trail habitat will house not
only the polar bears but also bald eagles, bison, red wolves,
and others.
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Pharmacologic Treatment of Pain in Chronic, Severe, and Complex Pain Conditions
Drug Dosage and Administration
Because no controlled studies have yet been published for a wide variety of opioids, physicians may prescribe the dose recommended in one study case for a chronic nonmalignant, nonsteroidal, nonadjuvant, What is the generic for fluconazole noncholinergic pain condition.
Pain in these conditions should be managed individually, and the physician should closely examine all of the signs and symptoms condition to determine which of the available interventions best suits patient.
Pain management requires attention to:
Prescribing opioid doses appropriately for different pain syndromes.
Avoiding opioid abuse and misuse (especially prescribing for off-label uses and opioid diversion overprescribing)
Identifying opioid-resistant pain in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain conditions;
Prescribing opioid-based analgesics (such as oxycodone, methadone, and pentazocine) to be used as the first-line alternative therapy for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain conditions when alternative therapies fail.
The dose should preferably be titrated for effectiveness in the presence of any side effects:
Dependence, misuse, or abuse — a drug with liability is likely to lead severe withdrawal symptoms, overdose, and/or withdrawal. Dose adjustment may reduce withdrawal symptoms and should be considered when the initial therapy does not provide adequate relief from pain. Side effects are often dose-related; for example, a common effect of low-dosage opioid canada prescription drug prices analgesics is tolerance/dependent reduction in efficacy (i.e., reduced effectiveness). particular, when the initial or 2- weeks of therapy is very low or in the absence of a second-line therapy for pain, the prescriber should consider starting an opioid maintenance therapy, particularly after a period of weeks, and the opioid dose should be increased gradually to facilitate withdrawal or tolerance.
— a drug with abuse liability is likely to lead severe withdrawal symptoms, overdose, and/or withdrawal. Dose adjustment may reduce withdrawal symptoms and should be considered when the initial therapy does not provide adequate relief from pain. Side effects are often dose-related; for example, a common effect of low-dosage opioid analgesics is tolerance/dependent reduction in efficacy (i.e., reduced effectiveness). particular, when the initial or 2- weeks of therapy is very low or in the absence of a |
